The female orgasm is a fascinating, complex physiological event that has intrigued and perplexed scientists, researchers, and individuals—including women themselves—for centuries.

Hopefully you’ve been lucky enough to enjoy many orgasms, and noticed how they can vary in length, strength and overall sensation. Ever wondered why that is? Let’s delve into the science and physiology behind the big O, looking at what needs to happen to reach climax and what exactly is going on during this fun—and fleeting—experience.

A Quick Brush-Up on the Female Anatomy

Before we get into the physiological chain reaction of the female orgasms, it's essential to understand the key anatomy involved. The primary players in a woman's orgasm are the clitoris, vagina and uterus, though the brain and nervous system also play important roles.

The Clitoris

Often referred to as the "epicenter" of female sexual pleasure, the clitoris is a highly sensitive organ located above the vaginal opening. It contains tens of thousands of nerve endings, making it incredibly responsive to sexual stimulation.

The Vagina

The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the external genitals to the cervix. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls become lubricated and expand, allowing for comfortable penetration. An orgasm is also associated with involuntary rhythmic contractions of the pelvic floor muscles around the vaginal opening. 

The Uterus

The uterus, or womb, plays a role in some women's orgasms through uterine contractions, although not all women experience this sensation during climax.

The Stages of Female Sexual Response

Female sexual response is typically divided into four stages: desire, arousal, orgasm and resolution, or the afterglow. Let’s focus on what happens during the climax stage—also known as orgasm. The road to Orgasm usually starts with sexual arousal and excitement. During this phase, blood flow to the genitals increases, leading to a swelling of the clitoris and increased vaginal lubrication—you get wet. The increased blood flow to the genitals enhances sensitivity and prepares the body for orgasm. 

As sexual arousal intensifies, the clitoris becomes engorged with blood, and its glans (the visible part) becomes more prominent. Women get our own version of a hard on! The clitoral complex includes the clitoral legs and bulbs which run down the sides of the vaginal opening, under the skin. Stimulation of these internal structures can up the pleasure factor significantly. It’s why rubbing and grinding, even over clothes, can feel so good. 

During sexual stimulation, the body continues to build tension. This tension is often accompanied by increased heart rate, heightened respiration and muscle contractions throughout the body. You may experience a sense of anticipation and an increasing desire for…release. You may become aware of reaching the “point of no return,” the moment when you know you’re gonna come. 

Finally, climax. This is the most intense phase of the sexual response cycle. It involves rhythmic contractions of the pelvic muscles as well as uterine contractions. Research by sextech company Lioness discovered that these contractions occurred in three distinct patterns. The number and intensity of these contractions can vary among individuals, as does the length of an orgasm. Female orgasms can range from 13 to 51 seconds on average, while male orgasms usually range from 10 to 30 seconds. Many women also experience a feeling of warmth, intense pleasure and a sense of release during orgasm.

What's Going On Inside During Orgasm?

It all begins with brain activity—orgasm starts in the mind. The brain plays a central role in sexual arousal and orgasm. During sexual stimulation, the brain releases neurotransmitters like dopamine, which is associated with pleasure, and oxytocin, which is often dubbed the "love hormone." These chemicals contribute to the intense feelings of pleasure and connection experienced during orgasm. On the flip side, getting “the ick” from something someone says or does could be a total mood killer, stopping arousal in its tracks. 

Call it The Pleasure Highway

The clitoris is densely packed with nerve endings that are connected to the pudendal nerve, which plays a crucial role in sexual sensation. When the clitoris is stimulated, nerve signals are sent to the brain, signaling pleasure and arousal. This intricate network of nerves is responsible for transmitting the sensations that culminate in orgasm.

During orgasm, the muscles of the pelvic floor, uterus, and anal sphincter contract rhythmically. These contractions can vary in intensity, and are responsible for the pleasurable release experienced during climax. Uterine contractions may also help facilitate the movement of sperm into the uterus, potentially aiding in reproduction.

Then there is the flooding of feel-good hormones

During orgasm, the body experiences a surge in various hormones, including endorphins (natural painkillers) and prolactin (can promote relaxation). These hormonal bursts contribute to the feelings of bliss and satisfaction often associated with orgasm.

It's important to note that not all orgasms are created equal, and individual experiences can vary widely. Genetics can play a role in a person's capacity for orgasm, as can factors such as stress, emotional connection, and overall physical health. Some women may have multiple orgasms in quick succession, while others may have single, intense orgasms.

The science and physiology behind a woman's orgasm are complex and multifaceted, involving a symphony of physical, neurological and hormonal processes. While our understanding of the female orgasm has come a long way, there is still much to explore and uncover.